My visceral reaction upon reading headlines such as Martin Wolf’s “Glimmers of light in a terrible year” in the Financial Times is to counter with positives. I am a glass half full guy, a prerequisite to navigating 2015-20 when pipeline stocks lagged the S&P500 for five years out of six. Wolf says, “Few will regret the passing of 2022” and I must temper my instinctive opposition to such negativity because war broke out in Europe and many families, including my own, lost a loved one. My stepmother sadly passed away in January, and I have only fond memories of her.

But for those who malign 2022 simply because of lousy investment returns, poor asset allocation is the cause. More energy exposure and no bonds would have made the year more agreeable. The case against bonds was so obvious and has been so tirelessly repeated here for years that readers will be spared another exposition (for more detail, see The Continued Sorry Math Of Bonds).

Suffice it to say that central banks starting with the Federal Reserve ($8.5TN), sovereign wealth funds and other return-insensitive buyers have rendered the entire asset class useless to the discerning investor. The Kansas City Fed estimates that Quantitative Easing has lowered ten year treasury yields by 1.6%. What more does a retail bond buyer need to know? For risk reduction just own cash. Duration is for dummies.

The long 2015-20 dark period convinced many that an allocation to energy was a problem they didn’t need. Equal measures of stubbornness and detailed analysis are character traits of those who remained. By 2020, five out of six underperforming years was definitive to some. Two years later it’s five of the past ten. It was simply a bad run. Investors for whom 2022 will shortly be a fond memory had an overweight to energy, and in many cases to midstream energy infrastructure.

The American Energy Independence Index (AEITR) is +18% YTD, versus –13% for the S&P. One investor estimated that his 2.5% allocation to pipelines had generated almost 1% of outperformance. Wells Fargo notes energy’s rising weight in the S&P500 and concludes it will force more generalists to allocate something if not take an equal weight position. When energy was 2% of the market, a zero weighting might not cause much tracking error. But when energy is 5%, being uninvested during outperformance will be readily apparent to clients.

Investors are enjoying the persistence with which pipeline companies are returning cash. Dividend yields of 6% are augmented with buybacks which Wells Fargo estimates will add a further 1% pa to returns over the next five years. Before the shale revolution, MLPs which were then the dominant business structure paid out 90% of their distributable cash flow. Buybacks were unknown. Today the sector is paying out around half its free cash flow in dividends, keeping capex low, reducing leverage and buying back stock. If the widely forecast recession occurs a year from now, this sector will be well positioned to maintain payouts and emerge unscathed.

US LNG will enjoy strong demand for many years, even though exports won’t increase much until additional export infrastructure is completed in a couple of years. European and Asian benchmarks are far higher than the US, easily covering the cost of transportation.

NextDecade announced another sale and purchase agreement yesterday with Portuguese buyer Galp Trading. NextDecade expects to announce final investment decision on a three train LNG export facility next quarter. That would likely mean gas, and cash, would start to flow by 2027.

The announcement arrested a steady decline in NextDecade’s stock, which has lost almost half its value since peaking in August. It’s still some years until the company will be valued on free cash flow yield. The market may be recalibrating how much dilution equity investors will endure as they raise capital for a project that will likely cost over $10BN. The current market cap is just over $500MM.

An alternative view is that recent weakness reflects a broader exit from volatile names. Curiously, over the past six months NextDecade is more correlated with Tesla than with the S&P500 or the AEITR. The companies have nothing in common, other than perhaps both being on the right side of the energy transition. One day NextDecade may provide the LNG that foreign utilities will burn to generate the electricity that moves electric vehicles.

Capital discipline, ample dividend coverage and energy’s growing weight in the S&P500 all underpin what we believe is a positive outlook for the pipeline sector heading into 2023. Moreover, ‘40 Act funds in the sector continue to experience outflows (though happily we are seeing inflows). As this retail selling exhausts itself it should provide further upside.

We have three funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund Energy ETF Real Assets Fund

 

 

 

 

 

 

The energy sector is closing out a strong year weakly. This shouldn’t detract from the fundamentals, which remain strong. The American Energy Independence Index (AEITR) is 36% ahead of the S&P500 YTD after finishing 10% ahead last year. That almost two-year period of outperformance is the best since the index’s inception date in 2010. Battle-hardened pipeline investors might fear a correction next year. It’s worth remembering what’s going right.

MLPs have outperformed the broader pipeline sector by 7% this year, recapturing a small portion of the past five years’ underperformance. Unfortunately, investors in the Alerian MLP ETF (AMLP) will miss out on over half of that because of a tax error (see AMLP Trips Up On Tax Complexity). Some MLPs are attractively priced, including Energy Transfer and Enterprise Products Partners, which both yield close to 8%.

However, there aren’t enough MLPs to make up a diversified portfolio — one way to own the few that are worth the time is through a RIC-compliant fund that limits MLPs to less than 25% of assets. That avoids the tax drag faced by AMLP and other MLP-dedicated funds while still benefiting from the yield and shielding the investor from any K1s.

US E&P companies are generating record amounts of cash. Examine the chart above carefully, because it shows each of this year’s quarterly pre-tax earnings and cash flow figures beating each of the full year results going back to 2014. E&P companies are having a great year every quarter! These are the pipeline sector’s customers. Profitability in the upstream segment is supportive for midstream, as this year’s results have shown.

The chart showing gas-weighted E&Ps profitability converts into barrels of oil equivalent and shows that margin expansion is a big driver of profitability.

Factset projects S&P energy sector earnings growth of 150% this year, but that’s a broader universe than E&Ps and is dominated by majors such as Exxon Mobil and Chevron. Capital discipline continues for the most part – analysts expect TC Energy to sell some assets to fund its growing capex budget – but investor returns continue to dominate decision making.

Even though the White House’s chief energy adviser Amos Hochstein has accused investors of being “un-American” in not sharing the Administration ephemeral desire for increased output, investment returns are likely to reinforce capital parsimony.

Domestic production of natural gas continues to set new records, and because it’s not a transportation fuel the pandemic had much less impact than it did for crude oil. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) is expecting record output next year.

By contrast, jet fuel demand has still not fully recovered. Airfares in the CPI are up 43% over the past year, although they’re down 16% since the high in May.

Countries with weather-dependent electricity such as the United Kingdom are enduring unusually cold and calm weather, which is reducing windmill output. London saw snow, which only happens about once a decade. UK wholesale power prices have spiked, but that will mostly be absorbed by the government since for now there are caps on consumer heating bills.

The EIA produced an interesting pair of maps showing each state’s largest source of in-state power generation. The shift from coal to gas is easily seen, but there are three states (South Dakota, Iowa and Kansas) for whom wind power is number one. Personally, I don’t want to live in a state that relies on intermittent energy that takes up vast amounts of space, but some people are fine with it.

Asian demand for crude oil continues to grow. Morgan Stanley reported year-on-year increases of 10.2% in India and 12% in China – this being especially surprising given the widespread lockdowns that have been in place in China. There remains a strong underlying growth trend. Meanwhile Russian exports to Europe are down 80% on a year ago. It’s clear where those shipments unwanted by European buyers will be going.

There was an interesting report that linked the Keystone pipeline’s third spill in five years with increased operating pressure. US crude oil pipelines are limited to operating at a “yield strength” of 72% of maximum. In 2017 Transcanada, who owns and operates the Keystone, obtained approval to go to 80%. They will dispute circumstantial evidence that points to this increased pressure as the cause. Regulators are reviewing the data. Following the leak into the Kansas Mill Creek, the segment from Steele City, KS to the Cushing, OK storage terminal is closed.

Recent sector weakness belies strong underlying volume growth and increasing cash flow. Pipeline investors will have plenty to celebrate this Christmas.

We have three funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund Energy ETF Real Assets Fund

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dinner in late 2017 with Enlink’s soon to be CEO Mike Garberding and his management team was the most expensive I’ve ever had. Not because I had to pick up the check – they were gracious hosts. But because I left the restaurant impressed with Garberding’s grasp of the company’s opportunities and knowledge of the business. The result was we stayed invested in Enlink during Garberding’s time as CEO from January 2018 to August 2019, when it lost half its value.

Sometimes a careful, dispassionate analysis of a company’s SEC filings can tell you everything you need to know. Calls with management can improve your understanding but can also color your judgment. Eventually former CEO Barry Davis was pulled out of retirement to right the ship.

That was five years ago, and today Enlink is a different story. CEO Barry Davis retired (again) in the summer and was replaced by Jesse Arenivas who joined from Kinder Morgan where he ran their CO2 division. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) used to be the energy sector’s main use for CO2, pumping it into mature oil wells to force out more crude oil. If the CO2 is permanently sequestered underground, it even earns a tax credit under Section 45Q of the tax code..

The recently passed Inflation Reduction Act (IRA)  raised this credit to $60 per Metric Tonne (MT). Tax credits for producing crude oil may strike some as not consistent with reducing emissions, but the 45Q credits are turning out to be an important tool. The IRA raised the credit for CO2 captured from industrial processes to $85. Capturing CO2 from the ambient air (Direct Air Capture), where it’s 0.04% can earn up to $180 per MT.

Under its new CEO Enlink is positioning itself as a key player in carbon capture. Their 4,000 mile natural gas pipeline network in southern Louisiana supplies the majority of industrial emitters in the region. In October they announced an emissions reduction agreement with CF Industries and Exxon Mobil to capture 2 million MTs pa of CO2. CF Industries is a major producer of ammonia, the key input for which is natural gas. CO2 is a byproduct of this process. Enlink estimates the potential could be as much as 80 million MTs pa, over 1% of total US greenhouse gas emissions. CEO Arenivas said Enlink is aiming to be, “…the transporter of choice for carbon in Louisiana.”

Commodities typically flow from upstream companies (such as Exxon Mobil) via midstream (ie Enlink) to downstream customers like CF Industries. There’s an interesting symmetry in the agreement in that CF Industries will send the CO2 it generates through Enlink’s pipeline network back to the upstream companies who are best placed to understand which geological formations are suited for storage. The carbon is being returned to its point of origin. It left as CH4 (methane, or natural gas) and is returning as CO2.

Since the agreement was announced on October 12^th, Enlink has outperformed the American Energy Independence Index (AEITR) where it was a 2.37% weight at the last rebalancing on September 30. Midstream energy infrastructure companies are developing an important role in reducing CO2 emissions. For years climate extremists have opposed new pipeline construction thereby driving up free cash flow. Remember to hug a climate protester and offer them a ride. They’re vital to putting the CO2 underground.

Last week Enbridge and Occidental announced plans to develop a CO2 pipeline and sequestration hub near Corpus Christi in Texas. Occidental will handle the CO2 storage and Enbridge the transportation, in another example of reversing the traditional direction in which the commodity flows. When it comes to carbon capture, upstream is the new downstream.

Carbon capture is a twofold benefit for pipeline companies. Reducing the CO2 released into the air by petrochemical facilities demonstrates that natural gas consumption is not living on borrowed time, and the subsequent carbon capture offers a new revenue source.

Meanwhile Europe is ramping up its capacity to import LNG. By 2024 they should be able to regassify 6.8 Billion Cubic Feet per Day, up by a third since 2021. Most of this additional capacity relies on floating storage and regassification units which can be operational more quickly than permanent, land-based facilities although they’re typically smaller as well. Poland is expanding capacity at an existing import terminal in the northwest. Within a couple of years there will be substantially more LNG tanker traffic through the North Sea and into the Baltic.

Until now Germany has never imported LNG, relying instead on natural gas from Russia via pipeline. Their energy policy is confused – long term goals to substantially reduce fossil fuel consumption remain in place, although they did recently sign a 15 year LNG deal with Qatar. They’re also contracting with trading house Trafigura to supply gas.

Enlink’s role in carbon capture is likely to be copied by other pipeline companies with similar infrastructure. This time we have no dinner plans with the management team.

We have three funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund Energy ETF Real Assets Fund

 

 

Midstream is up 27% for the year as of Tuesday, but investors are showing no irrational exuberance. The North American pipeline sector retains its MLP moniker because MLPs used to be the dominant business structure. Even though it’s now two thirds corporations, the ‘40 Act funds who specialize in the sector are still called MLP funds.

Investors have been exiting MLP funds for several years. JP Morgan calculates that 2016 was the last calendar year that saw inflows. The shale bust led to distribution cuts and saw several big MLPs convert to corporations. They did this in search of a broader investor base but often created a poor tax outcome for their MLP holders. The archetypal K-1 tolerant, US taxable, income seeking investor (ie rich old American) left in disgust. The Covid collapse in March 2020 was, for some, the last straw.

Fund flows are a notoriously poor predictor of performance. Look at the ARK Innovation ETF, where inflows were synchronized with its peak in early 2021. Within a year it had achieved the ignominy of earning a negative return on the average dollar invested (see ARKK’s Investors Have In Aggregate Lost Money).

The history of MLP fund outflows coincides with a generally declining Alerian MLP Index (AMZ), but that is misleading because AMZ omits pipeline corporations which are held by the more diversified funds. Since September 2018 (the beginning of the fund flow chart) the broad and therefore more representative American Energy Independence Index (AEITR) has returned 10.8% pa.

The fundamentally bullish case for the sector is familiar to regular readers. However, the positive return despite persistent retail selling of MLP funds is another reason for optimism. If prices are rising when investors are turning away, it suggests that even a cessation of outflows could provide a further boost.

Morgan Stanley calculates that for the first nine months of this year midstream companies repurchased over $3.1BN in stock. This more than offset the selling of MLP funds by retail investors. What could be more bullish than the less informed selling to the better informed?

Investors like the link to PPI inherent in pipeline tariffs. It allows the companies to raise prices in line with inflation, expectations for which have remained surprisingly quiescent. The ten year CPI implied by treasury yields minus TIPs is a remarkable 2.28%. Since the next year will be well over the Fed’s 2% target, investors seem very comfortable that inflation will be back at pre-pandemic levels soon after. The University of Michigan survey provides a slightly different view, with CPI for the year ahead expected to be 5% and 2.9% over the long run.

More consumers report hearing about inflation hurting business conditions, and 43% report that rising prices are eroding their own living standards, up from 20% a year ago. John Williams, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, warned that the unemployment rate could reach 5% as the Fed cools the economy, which would mean around 2.5 million extra unemployed.

With the unemployment rate at 3.7% and inflation just under 8%, the Employment Cost Index (ECI) is rising at 5%. This still leaves many workers worse off in real terms. Greater awareness of inflation as shown in the Michigan survey suggests it will figure more in pay demands as well as spending patterns where half of consumers report cutting back.

Four railroad unions have rejected a 24% pay increase over four years, threatening a strike that could cripple the movement of freight across the US. Congress may force them back to work. The US has a history of legislating against the disruption caused by strikes. In 2005 the New York City transit system shut down for a couple of days over a pay dispute. Under the law, the union leader was sentenced to ten days in prison and the union fined $2.5 million. Workers can strike but not if it causes substantial economic harm, which seems right.

By contrast, in the UK workers on the London underground schedule one day strikes every couple of weeks. An email update sent to travelers in early November breezily advised that there are “lots of public transport options” but added, “There are also some planned strikes taking place over the weekend and into next week.”  There is no equivalent legislation that prevents a small group from inconveniencing millions, a significant omission from UK labor law reflecting the country’s liberal leanings.

It’s one reason why UK inflation tends to run higher than in the US.

Upcoming ECI releases will be interesting because pay raises tend to come around year end. Consequently, the December and March ECI seasonal adjustments correct for this and lower the index. The seasonal factors are based on pay increases in a world of 2% inflation. With pay raises running at 5% and the job market robust, it would seem that the ECI could reflect higher than normal pay raises because the seasonal adjustments will be inadequate. Inflation will appear more entrenched, requiring a higher rate cycle peak.

The December ECI is some way off – the September report will be released on December 15^th. Inflation won’t return to 2% until workers accept reduced compensation. There’s plenty of reasons to think this won’t happen soon.

The COP27 ended with an agreement by rich countries to make increased payments to poor ones, but a commitment to phase out all fossil fuels failed to gather unanimous support. The holdouts included Saudi Arabia and Russia, who supply substantial volumes of oil and gas to willing buyers but don’t rank highly on the list of global emitters. Developing countries were also reluctant to make such a pledge, because they’re trying to raise living standards which requires more energy.

The EU and several OECD nations regarded the missing phase-out of fossil fuels as a failure. Climate change negotiations remain hobbled by two incongruities: the first is that developing nations who are most exposed to rising sea levels are less enthusiastic about steps to prevent this than the rich world.

The second is that suppliers of reliable energy are constantly pressured to reduce output while consumers face little incentive to curb demand. Rich countries could adopt policies that force their citizens to stop buying fossil fuels, but it would be too disruptive.

Unable to persuade voters that they should reject anything made with reliable energy, policymakers are left with forcing supply scarcity. The ESG movement and climate extremists have caused reduced capex which has raised prices, but there’s little sign of a demand response. Instead, they’ve made energy the best performing sector in the S&P500.

Some observers regarded COP27 as a failure. But the uneven support for phasing out fossil fuels forced the first incongruity noted above into the open. Namibia’s Maggy Shino said, “Africa wants to send a message that we are going to develop all of our energy resources for the benefit of our people because our issue is energy poverty.”

The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) that President Biden signed on August 16^th improved the viability of carbon capture via increaseed 45Q tax credits. Energy executives have figured out that more CO2 buried underground means reduced emissions and less pressure to phase out natural gas. 3Q earnings calls were sprinkled with references to carbon. It was mentioned 25 times on Occidental’s call, where they reported, “we broke ground on the world’s largest direct air capture plant in Ector County, Texas.”

Exxon Mobil plans to share more details about their “low-carbon solutions business” in December.

Among pipeline companies, Kinder Morgan’s CEO Steve Kean said the IRA, “has made more sources of CO2 economic for capture.”

Energy Transfer plans to sequester (ie bury) CO2 emissions from its planned Lake Charles LNG export facility.

Enbridge CEO Al Monaco said the IRA, “is providing a real catalyst for low-carbon investments.”

Jim Teague, Enterprise Products’ Partners co-CEO, said, “Asia continues to make no bones about their long-term appetite for our energy. We at Enterprise have been emphatic that it’s going to take all of the above in order to meet the world’s growing energy needs. That’s why in addition to traditional midstream services, we’re also focused on investments in lower carbon projects like carbon capture and sequestration and providing blue ammonia into export markets.”

Midstream energy infrastructure has an important role to play in the energy transition.

Demonstrating Asia’s willingness to make long term natural gas commitments, Qatar  signed a 27 year deal with China’s Sinopec for 4 million tonnes per annum, Qatar is playing in their first World Cup and became the only host nation in history to lose its opening game. Having watched it, betting on three straight losses seems safe. But on the world’s LNG stage they are top three (with the US and Australia).

EU climate policy chief Frans Timmermans thinks compared with coal and oil, natural gas, “is a different situation for which I have some understanding, especially if you combine that with infrastructure that is prefitted to also carry gases with other densities, such as green hydrogen or green ammonia in the future.”

European buyers continue to shun long term LNG contracts, preferring to buy as needed on the spot market at prevailing prices. The coming northern hemisphere winter is a swing factor for global LNG prices over the next several months. But over the next three years, Japan’s trade ministry warned that competition for supplies will intensify, with no new contracts available before 2026.

Many investors often note the correlation between midstream and crude oil. This month the sharp drop in oil has not been reflected in the pipeline sector which is roughly flat MTD. We think the continued growth in free cash flow and decreasing leverage are allowing a decoupling from commodity prices. If so, investors will welcome it.