Our Darkening Fiscal Outlook

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Our Darkening Fiscal Outlook
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There are two ways in which our looming fiscal catastrophe draws closer. One is through the passage of time, as entitlements grow with more aging Medicare recipients. The other is through worsening projections from the Congressional Budget Office (CBO).

Both are happening.

Start with interest expense. In the CBO’s May 2022 ten year Budget and Economic Outlook, this line item was forecast to hit $1TN in 2030, eight years hence. Last May, the CBO brought this date closer by two years, to 2028. And in the February outlook just released it’s now 2026. Since 2022 the $1TN date has gone from eight years out to just two.

Inflation ran higher than projected in 2022, which also pushed up nominal GDP. But even as a % of GDP, the interest expense figures have worsened. This year we’ll spend 3.1% of GDP on interest, rising to 3.7% in 2032.

Projections for the Fed’s balance sheet are moving higher as well. Ever since Ben Bernanke unleased Quantitative Easing (QE) during the 2008 Great Financial Crisis (GFC), the Fed has struggled to bring its bond holdings back down to the level that’s needed to operate monetary policy.  Fearful of causing a spike in bond yields, they rely on maturing bonds rolling off to shrink their holdings.

The Fed’s balance sheet is currently $7.7TN, of which $4.7TN is US treasury securities. Most of the balance is Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS). Two years ago, the CBO expected the Fed’s holdings of US treasuries to drop to $3.3TN by 2025. Now they’re projecting $4.4TN and expect it to be back at $4.7TN by 2026. An excessive balance sheet has become an enduring feature of our monetary policy.

When such holdings become permanent it represents a partial monetization of our debt. Moreover, the Fed’s % of outstanding government debt is now projected to be 19% by 2032, 4% higher than the CBO was forecasting a couple of years ago.

The CBO doesn’t forecast MBS holdings, but virtually all these securities have an average life greater than ten years. Prepayments will knock this down, but MBS has also become a permanent item on the Fed’s balance sheet.

The CBO assumes real GDP growth of 2.0% pa. Recessions are usually unexpected and forecasting them is hard. But when the next one occurs, ample fiscal stimulus will be part of the solution and inevitably the Fed will feel compelled to start QE again.

The only good thing about our deteriorating fiscal outlook is that the perennially forecast day of reckoning hasn’t come. We’re still muddling along. We’re about to head up the steep path into unknown territory as shown in the last chart.

Federal debt held by the public will reach 99% this year and is headed higher. However, when adjusted by Federal financial assets and debt held by the Federal Reserve it’s 75%. Japan’s equivalent figure is 119%.

Japan’s defining economic challenge over the past couple of decades has been deflation. GDP growth averaged less than 0.5% pa over the past decade. Many economists blame this partly on their high levels of government debt.

It’s unlikely an extended period of anemic growth would be politically acceptable in the US. The depression of the 1930s defines American economic policy, in that every president is expected to preside over economic growth. Germany’s equivalent is avoiding a repeat of the inflation of the 1930s under the Weimar Republic that led to Hitler’s ascent.

Japanese voters have accepted mediocre GDP growth far longer than would be the case in the US. If excessive US debt led to Japanese-style deflation here, fiscal stimulus and QE would quickly follow.

How this issue resolves itself is of great importance to the long term investor. QE depresses long term yields and impedes the Fed in its ability to constrain growth when inflation is above target. Barry Knapp of Ironsides Macroeconomics regularly warns about the harm to profitability of all but the biggest US banks caused by the persistent inversion of the 3 Month/10 Year portion of the yield curve.  Loans priced off the long end of the treasury curve don’t yield enough to generate acceptable profits for banks whose marginal cost of wholesale funding is close to the Fed Funds rate.

And yet US economic growth remains strong with unemployment low. An unintended consequence of QE is the pressure the Fed’s bond holdings put on regional bank profitability by keeping yields low. It also probably means they need tighter monetary policy than would otherwise be the case at the short end, since long-term yields aren’t that restrictive.

Inflation expectations are the likely casualty rather than GDP growth. Eventually our excessive debt along with increasing debt monetization will cause slow but steady currency debasement, the time-honored refuge of profligate governments. We believe owning infrastructure and other real assets is how investors should position themselves.

We have three have funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund Energy ETF Inflation Fund

 

LNG Pause Will Boost Asian Coal Consumption

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LNG Pause Will Boost Asian Coal Consumption
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Criticism of the White house pause on LNG approvals continues. Williams Companies’ CEO Alan Armstrong said it would cause some countries contemplating the construction of new LNG import facilities to hesitate. The clearest result will be increased coal consumption since it’s cheap and widely available across Asia.

Shell expects LNG demand to increase by 50% through 2040. The biggest driver will be switching away from coal by China and other Asian countries. Even though Shell thinks overall natural gas demand could peak around then, they still expect LNG to continue growing.

The Energy Information Administration (EIA) provided one reason. They expect Indian consumption of natural gas to more than triple by 2050, with much of this increase coming from LNG imports.

Around half the gas consumed by India’s industrial sector is used to produce ammonia, which is then converted into urea, a fertilizer. Government policy is to produce more ammonia and therefore produce more urea domestically, thereby decreasing fertilizer imports.

Few climate extremists have given this much thought, but not every use of natural gas can be replaced with solar panels or windmills. Urea is produced from a series of chemical reactions at high temperatures. India’s population and per capita calorie consumption are growing. As living standards rise people eat higher quality food with more protein. If you’ve ever visited India, it’s unlikely you saw much obesity.

The EIA expects India’s primary consumption of energy to grow at a 3.9% annual rate through 2050, which means it’ll triple. They expect India’s economy to grow at 5% pa, more than 2X the global rate (China is 3.0% and the US 1.9%).

Even with annual growth in gas 2X China’s (4.4% vs 2.0% pa), by 2050 India will still be only around a third of China’s consumption and a quarter of the US. In other words, the EIA’s outlook for India doesn’t look excessively high.

It’s implausible that an emerging country like India will moderate its need for fertilizer just because US climate extremists think the world should phase out natural gas. If they’re unable to source enough gas elsewhere, they’re more likely to increase coal consumption in the power sector, freeing up more gas for urea production.

RBNEnergy published an interesting blog post reviewing the winners and losers from the Department of Energy pause on permits.

In other news, last week three of the G7 economies are now in recession. Japan reported -0.4% GDP for 4Q23 following a revised 3.3% decline in the previous three months. Their economy slipped to 4th biggest, replaced at third by Germany, even as they similarly reported two consecutive declines in GDP. The UK just did the same.

Japan has struggled with anemic growth for years hampered by the demographics of an aging population. But the other two are self-inflicted.

Germany has pursued economically ruinous energy policies even though at 2% of the world’s GreenHouse Gas (GHGs) emissions this effort is more about showing leadership than making a material change. Energy prices have become damagingly high for industry, prompting companies to cut back domestic production and relocate facilities elsewhere.

Last year Germany closed their last three remaining nuclear plants under a plan introduced by former chancellor Angela Merkel. The loss of Russian natural gas caused them to scramble for LNG imports as well as restart coal-burning power plants.

Germany’s emissions fell to their lowest since the 1950s last year, although this was driven in part by slower economic growth. The government wants to achieve a 65% reduction compared to 1990 within six years.

Few countries will find voters enthused about following Germany’s example, which is nonetheless rated “Insufficient” by Climate Action Tracker.

UK growth is being held back by Brexit, which has made it harder to trade with the rest of the EU. This won’t surprise the minority who voted against Brexit. Polls show most Britons now think Brexit was a mistake. The Conservative Party is struggling to show it was a good decision.

Both Germany and the UK are suffering the consequences of policy choices that were poorly advised, albeit ones that reflected the popular will. Democracies don’t always make good decisions.

What a contrast with the US, where economic growth is barreling along at 3.3% and the 3.7% unemployment rate shows there are jobs for anyone who seriously wants one. And we’re reducing our GHG emissions, just without creating a recession.

US energy policy has been broadly right, albeit the White House’s recent pause on LNG export permits is wrongheaded. A few European countries would benefit from following the US example.

We have three have funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund Energy ETF Inflation Fund

 

America’s Still Increasing The Right Energy

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America’s Still Increasing The Right Energy
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The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) released its Short Term Energy Outlook (STEO) last week. It confirmed the current trends of increased production, improving mix and declining CO2 emissions.

Most notable is that coal production is continuing to fall. This year should see output 20% below 2022, at 470 Million Short Tons (MSTs). We use most of it at home but will still export 94 MSTs this year. Opponents of LNG exports should take note – this is where they should be focusing their attention.

Natural gas and crude oil output are both edging up. We averaged 12.9 Million Barrels per Day (MMB/D) of crude output last year, which the EIA forecasts will increase to 13.1 MMB/D this year and 13.5 MMB/d in 2025.

Overall petroleum products consumption is stable at around 18 MMB/D. The link between crude prices and pipeline cashflows continues to weaken (see Pipelines Shed Their Oil Sensitivity) because of stronger balance sheets. But volumes are more stable than prices. US liquids consumption grew at 0.9% per annum in the decade to 2022 according to the Energy Institute’s 2023 Statistical Review of World Energy (formerly published by BP). This stability is an under-appreciated feature of midstream infrastructure.

US gasoline demand is peaking at around 8.9 MMB/D. Increased Electric Vehicle (EV) penetration is a factor, along with improved mileage on conventional cars. EV sales have slowed recently, and the EIA doesn’t disclose its assumptions on future growth. Your blogger remains unconvinced that an EV purchase would meaningfully improve household happiness.

Consumption of aviation fuel is growing, and not just thanks to Taylor Swift. This is especially true in developing countries as a result of rising living standards. Jet fuel consumption was growing at 3% pa until the pandemic struck. Volumes are still recovering.

Use of hydrocarbon gas liquids (also known as Natural Gas Liquids) including propane (heating/cooking) and ethane (plastics and other petrochemical uses) is also growing.

Power generation continues to deliver good news. Coal’s share of electricity generation will drop to 14% by 2025, from 21% in 2022. Natural gas reached 42% last year but is expected to slip to 41% by 2025 as non-hydro renewables grow from 15% to 19%. Our electricity is getting both bluer and greener.

Windpower currently provides almost twice as much electricity as solar. However, from 2022-2025 solar capacity is set to more than double, which will bring them roughly in line. Many will be surprised to learn that windpower output will grow at less than 3% pa 2022-25.

The net result is that we’re becoming better able to export energy security to our trade partners while also reducing our own CO2 emissions, which will fall from 4.9 billion metric tonnes to 4.7 (2022-25).

A pragmatic energy transition is unfolding. Patrick Pouyanné, CEO of France’s TotalEnergies, was interviewed recently in the Financial Times. He rejects the notion that renewables will lead to cheaper electricity, noting that, “renewable intermittency is less efficient.” He feels the prospect of permanently higher prices makes power an interesting sector in which to invest. Total has also been active in signing LNG deals, including with US-based NextDecade, whose planned Rio Grande export terminal is not affected by the recent White House pause on new approvals.

China convinced outgoing climate czar John Kerry that they’re striving hard to reduce their CO2 emissions. They burn over half the world’s coal which is the main source of electricity for their EV market, as this blog often points out. They’re adding coal-burning power plants at more than one a month.

China is also adding substantial solar and wind capacity. It’s often seemed to us that energy security is the driver of China’s choices, rather than the energy transition. If they’re anticipating conflict over Taiwan in the next few years, it makes sense to reduce their need for oil imports as much as possible.

The WSJ recently noted the huge growth in China’s renewables capacity (see China’s Carbon Emissions Are Set to Decline Years Earlier Than Expected). The 300 Gigawatts of solar and wind China added last year is more than total US capacity. China installed over 500 million solar panels.

The photo showing a vast area of solar panels dotted with wind turbines is unlike anything you see in America. Climate Action Tracker now thinks China’s emissions could peak next year but doesn’t expect them to immediately decline.

There are many examples of progress in reducing emissions, and US natural gas production continues to grow because it’s part of the solution.

We have three have funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund Energy ETF Inflation Fund

 

Struggling To Justify The Pause

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Struggling To Justify The Pause
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We’ve received a lot of questions recently about the White House pause on approving new Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) export terminals. Several projects are already under way, and the pause does not rescind approvals that have already been issued. So for example construction of NextDecade’s Rio Grande terminal is continuing, with permits already in hand.

It immediately looked to use like a politically motivated decision (see White House Adopts An Energy Policy Where Everyone Loses). It’s easy to be dismissive of choices intended to gain votes. Democracies allow that even if the result is poor policy.

The pause is intended to allow the Department of Energy (DOE) to examine the climate impact of US LNG exports – obviously this study could be carried out without pausing new approvals. The immigration policy catastrophe is causing the White House to pivot away from progressives on that issue – hence the need to provide left wing voters an alternate reason to vote in November.

A handful of Democrat congressmen have been critical, worried that it will cost them votes of energy workers in their districts.  Senator Joe Manchin (D-WVa) is holding hearings on the issue.

An official at the DOE said that they were concerned about the harm LNG exports might cause to nascent plans to develop green hydrogen among potential LNG buyers. Those countries will decide for themselves what energy mix suits them. No country, including the US, has much ability to influence the energy choices other countries make. China is the world’s biggest importer of LNG and consumes over half the world’s coal. India burns coal for three quarters of its power and plans to sharply increase its imports of LNG. Making energy prices higher for these buyers isn’t the solution.

The DOE official’s response is so implausible it shows they’re struggling to come up with coherent justifications. The pause is about November’s election not thoughtful climate policy.

Wealthy opponents of US LNG exports include members of the Rockefeller family and Michael Bloomberg. It’s always the people who fly in private jets and and have never bothered to register for TSA Pre-check that cynically push restrictive energy policies they can afford to avoid.

Taylor Swift will be jetting in from Tokyo to Las Vegas just in time to see Travis Kelce play in the Superbowl. Anticipating criticism of the CO2 emissions from her global concert tour, she bought 2X the carbon credits her private jet will generate as an offset. The effectiveness of such credits varies. She has many talents but wouldn’t make a credible proponent on climate issues.

Nonetheless the impact on stock prices has been muted. Energy Transfer (ET), whose proposed Lake Charles LNG export terminal is affected by the pause, closed up on the day of the announcement (January 26th) and on the following trading day as well.

Cheniere’s Midscale trains 8-9 aren’t yet permitted. Wells Fargo estimated that if the project is never completed that would reduce their “sum-of-the-parts” valuation of Cheniere by around 4%.

Woodside Energy, itself Australia’s leading natural gas producer, is in talks with ET about buying LNG from their Lake Charles terminal assuming it gets built.

LNG infrastructure takes years to build, and the consensus is that following the election Trump or Biden will restore the approval process. The pause has gained the attention of energy investors but hasn’t done much else.

The EU’s seven biggest gas consuming countries have seen consumption drop 21% over the past two years. The loss of Russian supply has exposed them to high global LNG prices, depressing growth. Many German industrialists regard domestic energy policy with its rush towards renewables as ruinous to their manufacturing base. One business chief recently complained that it was impossible for companies to make investment decisions when they can’t be certain what their energy supply will be or what it will cost. He called current policies “toxic”.

Germany’s economy didn’t grow last year, and probably won’t this year. They could use more cheap US LNG, which Biden promised would be coming in the wake of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in March 2022.

Alex Epstein, author of Fossil Future and The Moral Case for Fossil Fuels, calls it “a deadly fraud”. His talking points are here. Epstein argues that civilization is much safer today from extreme weather because of fossil fuels. He believes emerging economies should focus on raising living standards over the next several decades by which time new technologies and their increased wealth will make tackling the problem much easier than it is now.

Given how relentlessly coal consumption is growing among developing countries led by China, it looks as if they have embraced Epstein’s philosophy.

Smart climate policy will see the pause lifted within a year. We think that’s what will happen.

We have three have funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund Energy ETF Inflation Fund

 

Is Energy Becoming Less Cyclical?

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Is Energy Becoming Less Cyclical?
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It’s a question posed at every mid-cycle. Observers of commodity markets will often advise that the cure for low prices is low prices. Meagre profits reduce production, eventually curbing supply and driving prices higher.

2014 was the last cycle peak for energy. The shale revolution brought new US supplies of oil and gas onto the market, which upset the prior equilibrium. The downturn that followed had run its course by 2019 when the pandemic caused another leg down. But the industry embraced financial discipline, reducing capex and improving returns.

An essay by Veriten’s Arjun Murti makes the case that the current cycle of positive returns has many years left.

Murti’s favored metric is Return On Common Equity (ROCE), and he notes that high ROCE generally corresponds with a high weight in the S&P500. Today energy remains at an historically low 4% market weighting, while returns are the best in over three decades. Murti believes that we’re a couple of years into a 10-15 year bullish cycle.

This theory will please energy investors. But another possible explanation is that energy companies are eschewing the normal boom/bust capex spending cycle that has long pervaded their industry. High ROCE would normally draw additional capital, but continued capital parsimony generally prevails.

Adjusted for inflation, energy capex is still less than half of the 2014 peak.

Uncertainty about the path of the energy transition has added to the caution practiced by many CFOs. Climate extremists stand ready to criticize the big publicly traded energy companies and file lawsuits to impede their activities.

The other day I was in a discussion sponsored by the Naples Council on World Affairs. One participant bitterly criticized Exxon Mobil for withholding internal research decades ago that showed the potential for fossil fuel combustion to lead to global warming. I reminded him that climate extremists have been at least as disingenuous. Many have preached that the world can run entirely on solar and wind, in willful disregard of science and the facts.

If energy companies have presented facts to suit them, the Sierra Club and wretched little Greta have routinely offered policy prescriptions grounded in fantasy. Alex Haraus and his anti-LNG TikTok crowd belong in the same gang of socialists trying to impose poverty and starvation on billions of people (see White House Adopts An Energy Policy Where Everyone Loses).

The coincidence of a high industry ROCE with low market weight could have another possible explanation – that we’re in a profitable equilibrium where high returns aren’t drawing dilutive capex because the reasons for financial caution are likely to persist.

This is illustrated in the “Quadrilateral of Death” which shows low returns leading to higher oil followed by higher returns, then lower returns caused by inferior capex and finally lower prices, returning to the starting point. But today we’re sitting in the middle of the quadrilateral, with decent returns and moderate prices. Perhaps it’s the sector’s Goldilocks moment – neither too hot nor too cold. The market has found a balancing point where excess returns aren’t self-destroying because of the continued uncertainty about the energy transition.

Oil and gas projects often require a decade or more to generate adequate returns. Forecasting demand and prices over such a long period is harder than in the past. Perhaps we are at the point of Happy Equilibrium.

If you read Murti’s research paper you’ll find it informative, and perhaps like me be mildly amused at the pretentious use of plural first person pronouns. For example, at SL Advisors we are bullish on energy infrastructure. But we can’t emulate Murti when he says “we … moved to Goldman Sachs in 1999” (emphasis added) or refers to “our career.” Smile and look beyond the misused pronouns.

In other news, the White House’s moratorium on new LNG approvals has drawn criticism from moderate Democrats in Texas, Alaska and California. They’re worried that there aren’t enough progressives in their districts to offset those employed in the energy sector or perhaps don’t see this as an effective way to lower emissions.

Germany’s extreme climate policies are part of the political discourse. Siegfried Russwurm, head of Germany’s main industry association BDI, criticized the government’s approach as “dogmatic” and “absolutely toxic.” The country is facing a recession driven by high energy prices. There’s no place for nuclear power and they want to derive 80% of their electricity from solar and wind by 2030, up from 41% in 2021.

Germany’s recent progress on reduced emissions has largely come from lower industrial output. China and other developing countries will easily make up for it.

We have three have funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund Energy ETF Inflation Fund

 

 

 

Why Is Oil Still Cheap?

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Why Is Oil Still Cheap?
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Investors often ask us why crude oil prices aren’t higher. The industry has maintained capex on new production too low to sustain current production for years, without any apparent impact on prices. More recently, the Middle East has generated a plethora of  incidents which might be expected to cause consternation about the reliability of supplies from the region. Oil tankers are avoiding the Red Sea, taking the long route around southern Africa. One of Iran’s terrorist proxies just killed three US servicemen. And yet, there’s little discernible risk premium.

One reason is US supply has surprised to the upside, reaching 13.4 Million Barrels per Day (MMB/D) at the end of last year. US E&P firms have remained cautious about spending on production growth but have still managed to raise productivity with longer laterals in their horizontal drilling.

Another is that China’s recovery has been slow. Although they imported record volumes of oil last year, the rebound from the pandemic has been slow. The prevailing trend to 2019 would put them probably 3 MMB/D higher if not for Covid.

Sanctions imposed on Russia by the US and EU have been ineffective. Virtually all of their crude exports have been redirected to China and India, who are happy to buy oil at a discount to global prices. This has enabled Russia to maintain its earnings from the energy sector.

The IMF recently upgraded its 2024 GDP forecast for Russia, to 2.6%. This follows 3% last year and is double the IMF’s prior 2024 forecast. War expenditures are part of the reason, along with robust oil exports.

Russia has found other new buyers. Brazilian imports of diesel from Russia last year soared 4,600 per cent while purchases of fuel oil rose by almost 400 per cent.

Even NATO member Turkey is helping. Their Dörtyol terminal on the southern coast has seen a huge jump in shipments of Russian refined products which are then rerouted to Europe, in spite of EU sanctions. Some Russian fuel is reported to be in US warships operating in the region.

This has led some to argue that oil prices will never exceed $100 again. The FT notes that adjusted for inflation crude prices are roughly in the middle of the range that’s prevailed for over two decades.

The Biden Administration has pursued an ambiguous policy on crude prices. High oil enhances the competitiveness of EVs and should be welcomed by climate extremists. However, the White House also knows that millions of voters have more prosaic concerns such as the cost of their daily commute in a traditional car. Few dislike cheap gasoline.

One consequence is that Saudi Arabia directed Aramco to shelve plans to add 1 MMB/D to capacity, opting instead to keep output at 12 MMB/D. Almost a decade ago, when growing US shale production ate into Saudi market share, they responded by flooding the market in a desire to bankrupt the US E&P firms that were fracking. The Saudis were a year or two late, and although the US energy sector turned down, a renewed focus on innovation and capital discipline turned things around.

Today much of that US production is from bigger, well capitalized US majors following years of M&A. The Saudis don’t have the same option to harm them with lower prices. Their government deficit ballooned to $9.5BN in the most recent quarter. They need higher prices to balance the books.

Last week the CFA Society Naples held its annual forecast dinner. SL Advisors was a sponsor, and we invited some guests. The highlight of the evening was a panel discussion involving Tom Lee, Managing Partner of Fundstrat Global Advisors and Meghan Shue, Head of Investment Strategy at Wilmington Trust. It was ably moderated by CFA Naples board member Tyler Hardt.

An interesting discussion followed, with some useful points of disagreement. Tom Lee spent many years at JPMorgan and chatting with him afterwards we know some of the same people (I left in 2009).

During the Q&A, I asked how the panelists thought about climate change. Climate extremists rarely consider this issue, but equity markets don’t seem as worried as the more extreme progressives think they should be. Lee and Shue both felt that the impacts are too far away and uncertain to be a consideration in constructing portfolios. More relevant are government policies on taxes and spending related to the energy transition.

Another attendee asked where the panelists thought AI would have its biggest impact. Tom Lee offered health care as a sector likely to be significantly impacted. It’s occurred to me and no doubt many others that a doctor’s diagnosis, itself the result of a professional lifetime’s experience, can be supplemented by AI’s ability to analyze all the relevant data for an individual patient’s condition. Insurance companies may in time favor the AI diagnosis over the human professional. Lee suggested that over ten years or more, the AI impact on reducing healthcare spending may turn out to be an important factor in resolving our dire fiscal outlook, given the growing portion of government spending dedicated to Medicare.

I thought this was an intriguing perspective.

We have three have funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund Energy ETF Inflation Fund

 

White House Adopts An Energy Policy Where Everyone Loses

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White House Adopts An Energy Policy Where Everyone Loses
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With his moratorium on new LNG export terminals, aging President Joe Biden and his advisers have stumbled on a way to upset both ends of the political spectrum. Domestic energy businesses want to export more, cheap US natural gas to foreign buyers. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine two years ago the US pledged to replace the natural gas no longer flowing through Nordstream to western Europe.

Many new LNG export terminals are at various stages of development. Planning and construction take several years. Now that the Department of Energy has been directed to examine the climate impact of each new facility awaiting approval, that will impose additional delays even assuming they’re approved. Venture Global’s Calcasieu Pass 2, or CP2, is the immediate casualty. This $10BN project is slated to export over 2.5 Billion Cubic Feet per Day (BCF/D), raising exports by 20%.

But enough projects have already been approved and begun construction that we’re still on track for a doubling of US LNG exports to around 24 BCF/D by 2027.

The White House has turned to Alex Haraus, a 25-year-old Colorado social media influencer, in an effort to excite young people enough to re-elect a doddering octogenarian. Like too many climate extremists, Haraus combines well-intentioned enthusiasm with poor recommendations.

His social media profile caught the attention of White House adviser John Podesta, and a Zoom meeting followed, which evidently impacted the new policy. Haraus and his TikTok followers believe that building LNG terminals assures long term trade in natural gas. Haraus presumably believes the world needs to run on solar and wind.

It’s a shame that youthful enthusiasm to curb Greenhouse Gas emissions (GHGs) isn’t directed towards practical solutions. LNG buyers are largely Asian. The International Energy Agency reports that China, India and other south-east Asian countries consume 75% of the world’s coal. They noted that last year’s 5% demand growth in China was driven by increased electricity consumption. This is partly because of the growth in EVs, often lauded by policymakers as evidence of China’s commitment to reduce GHGs. Yes, China’s EVs run on coal.

Coal-to-gas switching is how GHGs have fallen in the US and is our best chance to achieve similar success in emerging Asia. Haraus and his band of idealistic young supporters are pushing policies whose results won’t match their aspirations.

To cite just one example, Pakistan last year decided to quadruple coal-based power generation because of high LNG prices. Perhaps shocking to the Haraus TikTok crowd, Pakistan did not immediately turn to solar and wind.

Coal is cheap and easy to use. Its consumption keeps hitting new records as emerging economies consume more energy.

China and Russia are planning the Power of Siberia 2 gas pipeline to redirect supplies no longer going to Europe. Slow negotiations over the final terms have delayed construction, but it will eventually be built. This will reduce China’s need for coal, and thereby its GHGs.

Emerging economies would like to use more natural gas. We should encourage them.

So far the White House has upset energy companies around the world who are planning for more US LNG exports. Foreign business groups have expressed concern over America’s inconsistent posture on providing energy security. Japan’s government said they’re worried about the possibility of delays at facilities that haven’t yet gained approval.  The White House has implemented a policy that will set back climate ambitions in the hopes of gaining youthful, idealistic votes in November.

Wall Street analysts regard it as a temporary delay that will be reversed after the election. That’s why there’s been little impact on stocks that might otherwise be affected. Cash flows from Energy Transfer’s proposed Lake Charles terminal were not reflected in the stock price. JPMorgan thinks further delays would reduce near term capex, a positive.

Similarly, delays to Cheniere’s planned addition of Trains 8 and 9 at their Corpus Christi Midscale facility could also boost near term free cash flow. Both Wells Fargo and Morgan Stanley expect the moratorium on new approvals to be lifted after the election regardless of who wins. Trump has already said he’d do so immediately.

This means that Alex Haraus and his idealistic TikTok followers are being played. Investors are betting that Biden will reverse himself if he wins the election. So by December the moratorium on LNG approvals will have upset just about everyone possible, from the energy sector and its customers to the climate extremists whose election support was rented. And it won’t have helped reduce GHGs, because of the widespread reliance on coal among Asian LNG importing countries.

We have three have funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund Energy ETF Inflation Fund

 

 

The Case For Real Assets

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The Case For Real Assets
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I began investing in midstream energy infrastructure almost two decades ago. When SL Advisors was founded in 2009 it was one of our core strategies. Over the years it’s become our principal focus. Infrastructure possesses enduring qualities for the long-term investor, and energy is just one segment of what’s often referred to as real assets.

Although we focus on energy infrastructure, real assets are much broader than that. They can be structured as REITs. They can be involved in transportation, mining, aerospace and defense. They can be involved in water management and distribution, logistics and the petrochemical industry. Utilities operate infrastructure dedicated to power generation, storage and distribution.

Key attributes of infrastructure include long-lived assets that: provide inflation protection; possess barriers to entry either for regulatory reasons or because of synergies/economies of scale with other assets; generate attractive yields with visible long-term cash flow; and have a low correlation with the equity market.

Maintaining the purchasing power of savings is the goal of all long-term investors other than the foreign central banks and other institutions who hold trillions in US government bonds. Real assets that can raise prices either on commercial terms or because their regulatory framework ensures a minimum return on invested capital can be an effective way to achieve that goal. Oil and gas pipelines often operate under a system of tariffs managed by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Utilities typically have their rates approved by a local regulator. Marine ports and airports often have a scarcity value, in that the alternatives available to shippers and airlines are less convenient or more expensive.

The US fiscal path is well known to be dire and unsustainable. The higher inflation of recent years looks to have dissipated quickly, but the Fed’s sharp increase in short term rates nonetheless raised the cost of financing our debt. Between May 2022 and February 2023, the point at which the Congressional Budget Office forecasts Federal interest expense will exceed $1TN was brought forward by two years, from 2030 to 2028. Higher inflation may turn out to have been transitory this time around, even if Fed chair Jay Powell conceded it wasn’t during its early ascent. But tight monetary policy does hurt our fiscal outlook more than in the past.

This makes it more likely that monetary policy will eventually accommodate our spiraling Debt:GDP by allowing higher inflation and negative real interest rates, increasingly common until the last couple of years. For centuries, monetary debasement has been the refuge of fiscal profligacy.

Infrastructure assets often have barriers to entry. Transco, the natural gas pipeline network owned by Williams Companies that runs through America’s eastern states from Texas to New York is an example. Since its origination in the 1950s, towns and highways have developed that make the construction of a competitor pipeline economically unfeasible. Railroads possess similar features. Where real assets are regulated, it means their stable profits are visible but not excessive, reducing the potential benefits for a competitor.

Established pipelines, railroads and other logistics assets create synergistic connections to other infrastructure, making their replication harder. And scale usually works to the advantage of the incumbent.

Predictable, recurring cashflows allow companies holding real assets to pay a substantial portion of their profits in dividends, which often results in attractive yields. This can be true for REITs, pipelines and many other assets. Just be cautious of utilities with their growing obligation to fund energy transition assets, since this is pressuring their cashflows (see To Lose On The Energy Transition Buy Utilities).

The S&P500 was dominated by the “Magnificent Seven*” last year. JPMorgan calculates that since early 2022 free cash flow growth of the S&P493 (ie excluding the seven) has been flat. Profit margins for the seven high flyers are 2X the other 493.

Owning the Magnificent Seven in 2023 was a great call. But they have caused the market to be less correlated with real assets, and when the inevitable reversal happens that low correlation will be welcomed by those who have retained some portfolio diversification.

The dominance of the Seven has led to the market being more “tech-centric”. Because real assets provide good earnings visibility, their valuations tend to be more grounded. They’re less likely to soar on hyped up expectations or plunge on deep pessimism.

Inflation protection, barriers to entry, attractive yields and a low market correlation are all reasons for investors to consider an allocation to real assets.

*Alphabet (GOOG), Amazon (AMZN), Apple (AAPL) Meta Platforms (META), Microsoft (MSFT), Nvidia (NVDA) and Tesla (TSLA)

We have three have funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund Energy ETF Inflation Fund

 

 

 

 

To Lose On The Energy Transition Buy Utilities

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SL Advisors Talks Markets
To Lose On The Energy Transition Buy Utilities
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Income-seeking investors often compare midstream energy infrastructure with utilities. Both own long-lived infrastructure assets dedicated to delivering energy to customers. Both tend to be regarded as yield-generating investments and are subject to considerable regulatory oversight on rate-setting.

But the energy transition is impacting each sector very differently.

Midstream growth capex peaked during the shale revolution when new pipelines were being built to help exploit new sources of oil and gas released through fracking and horizontal drilling. The subsequent abundance was good for consumers but not investors. Financial discipline returned. The pandemic and the brief but sharp collapse in prices further cemented the energy sector’s focus on financing only those projects that would clearly be profitable.

Now utilities are experiencing their own boost in growth capex. They are the sector most responsible for delivering on the promise of electrification using more renewables. This means investing in shorter-lived solar and wind farms along with the high voltage transmission lines to move power to population centers. It means adding more back-up power, either batteries or natural gas, to compensate for the grid unreliability that the increasing share of intermittent power imposes. And sometimes it means phasing out coal-burning power plants before they’ve reached the end of their useful lives.

Democrat politicians have promised voters that renewables are cheaper than conventional power sources. It’s not uncommon to read that per Kilowatt Hour solar now beats natural gas. This superficial analysis usually omits the cost of back-up power, which ironically is often natural gas.

Caught between the higher cost of renewables and political promises of lower costs, grids across the US are gradually reducing their capacity buffer to deal with extreme weather events and substantial loss of power. The MISO system which runs from Minnesota to Louisiana is assessed by the North American Electricity Reliability Association as having the greatest risk of power outages.

Every grid region will experience steadily declining ability to support demand peaks. Power losses because of increased grid reliance on renewables will not sit well with consumers. At times when electricity falls short of the 100% availability that the public expects, the responsibility for explaining why will sit with utilities.

In recent years the market has been reaching the conclusion that investing in the energy transition via utilities isn’t a great bet. They face an increased need to spend to meet unrealistic expectations fueled by Democrat politicians.

There is much that can go wrong with that unappealing risk/return profile. It’s why the S&P Utilities index has returned only 3.5% pa over the past three years versus the American Energy Independence Index at 24.6% pa.

Whether it’s the S&P Global Clean Energy Index or the losses suffered by offshore wind manufacturers such as Denmark’s Orsted (see Windpower Faces A Tempest), holding equity in companies dedicated to the energy transition has left investors worse off.

Adding insult to injury, the miserable performance of utility stocks hasn’t made them cheap. Wells Fargo notes the lower EV/EBITDA and leverage of midstream versus utilities along with the higher dividend yield and growth outlook.

Midstream companies have plenty of energy transition opportunities. These include increasing global demand for US LNG along with domestic natural gas back-up for growth in renewables. Then there are substantial tax incentives to develop carbon capture and hydrogen.

But pipeline companies can make decisions to invest in such projects largely based on IRR. They don’t face any political pressure to do so.

By contrast, utilities do face political pressure to deliver the energy transition. Goldman Sachs expects their capex over the next five years to be 38% higher than the past five. Nobody is going to build a new coal-burning power plant (thank goodness) regardless of IRR. But they’ll be dependent on regulators to allow rates that justify prior investment in solar and wind. This is what’s led to the collapse of several offshore wind projects in recent months.

Several years ago, investors feared that oil and gas pipelines would be retired early as the world moved to widespread electrification and renewables. A more realistic outlook has prevailed in recent years that acknowledges the risks facing companies at the forefront of the energy transition.

Shifting the world’s economy to low or no emission energy will be costly. It may be worth it but until politicians are honest about the costs, utilities look to be in a Catch 22.

Last week the Wall Street Journal published an article (see You’ve Formed Your Opinion on EVs. Now Let Me Change It) which concluded with the incorrect statement from Bloomberg NEF that globally, “…EV adoption cut demand for oil by 1.8 million barrels in 2023… thereby avoiding 122 megatons of carbon-dioxide emissions”

This overlooks that China, the world’s biggest EV market, overwhelmingly relies on coal to produce electricity. This is sloppy analysis that’s all too common in the debate about climate change.

We have three have funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund Energy ETF Inflation Fund

 

 

 

 

 

Environmentalists Mistakenly Choose Perfect Over Good

SL Advisors Talks Markets
SL Advisors Talks Markets
Environmentalists Mistakenly Choose Perfect Over Good
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All three TV networks recently carried stories of northern state Electric Vehicle (EV) owners stranded. Chicago’s very cold weather reminded EV owners that not only do their batteries hold less charge when temperatures drop, but they are slower to charge as well. Public charging stations saw vehicles lined up – some EVs ran out of power before they could even pull up to the charging station. Not all charging stations were working.

The cold weather caused some drivers to sit in their EVs with the heat on, further slowing recharging. One driver reported seeing ten flatbed trucks taking away dead EVs. Because you can’t just get a gallon of gasoline and bring it to your car. The flat EV must be taken to a source of electricity.

A 2019 study by AAA found that temperatures below 20 degrees can reduce EV range by up to 41%.

This was an extreme weather event. Every Tesla driver I know loves their car. But they all own another gas-powered car and would have used it at a time like that. The drivers on the network news didn’t look as if their EV was a second car. They looked as if it was their car, and as such it needed to do better than work most of the time in most conditions.

Given the negative press around slowing EV sales, the industry didn’t need this.  Hertz is selling a third of its EV fleet because of low demand. They found repairs were more costly than expected. And who seriously wants to rent an EV in an unfamiliar region and worry about finding somewhere to charge it? Hertz’s embrace of EVs always looked like a dumb move. They expect to take a $245MM charge in 4Q23 for EV depreciation.

It increasingly looks as if hybrids would have been a more sensible intermediate step while EV technology improves beyond its current standard.

Over 60% of car trips are less than five miles. Over 90% are under 25 miles. Most of these can be supported by a hybrid’s battery, recharged when the owner is at home. The gasoline assures that a long journey or a cold one won’t end with a flatbed truck. The average hybrid gets over fifty miles per gallon.

Policymakers have chosen the perfect over the good. The White House has a goal that half of US auto sales be EVs by 2030. Hybrids are included in this, which is just as well because anyone who relies on a single EV to get around is taking more risk of getting stranded than the owner of a conventional car.

Progressive liberals, many of whom live in urban environments with adequate public transport, naturally believe we should transition straight to fully electric EVs. Americans (1) drive long distances, (2) like bigger cars, and (3) benefit from cheaper gasoline compared with other OECD (ie rich) countries. We are less likely than others to embrace EVs absent even more substantial tax breaks until the reliability improves.

Another example of progressive liberals increasing greenhouse gas emissions by pursuing perfection is the recent news that the White House is considering tougher rules before approving new Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) export terminals. Environmental extremists calculate the emissions the additional LNG exports will generate when consumed by foreign buyers. They naively think that limiting LNG availability will support more solar and wind power in Asia.

Meanwhile, power generation from coal hit a new global record last year. 82% of all coal-fired power generation was in Asia, up from 75% in 2019. Reductions in Japan and South Korea were almost completely offset by growth in Vietnam alone. Along with China, India and the Philippines they all saw strong import growth last year.

Coal is cheap and reliable. It also generates on average 2X the emissions of natural gas.

The most effective way for the US to help developing countries in Asia reduce their coal consumption is to send them more LNG. The correct analysis of LNG’s impact on emissions would consider what energy source it’s displacing. In the US, coal to gas switching is our biggest success on emissions. We should be helping other countries do the same.

The White House appears to be adopting the superficial analysis described above as a soundbite to the progressives rather than trying to solve the problem. If you want to invest in lower emissions, natural gas infrastructure is a more certain bet than renewable energy.

Progressive liberals are often the biggest hurdle to sensible energy policies that recognize the reality of developing countries’ prioritization of growth over climate. Outgoing climate czar John Kerry will be remembered as a booster of what he perceived as China’s commitments to reduce emissions even while they have grown by burning half the world’s coal production. That’s the dominant source of the power than runs through China’s EVs.

Pragmatic climate policies will have better success than the idealism too prevalent on the left.

We have three have funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund Energy ETF Inflation Fund

 

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