From time to time we come across new companies and technologies that offer the potential to reduce emissions, thereby contributing to the energy transition. One recent example is Sea Forest, an Australian company developing a seaweed-based food additive for cattle that will reduce methane emissions (see How Seaweed Can Fight Global Warming). A few weeks ago Bill Gates invested in Rumin8, another Australian company with similar objectives to Sea Forest.

Recently I chatted with Mitch Swergold, whom I first met around two decades ago when he was running a long/short technology hedge fund. Mitch heads investor relations for Zentek, a Nasdaq-listed company developing new products using graphene, a one-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Graphene is a carbon-based nanomaterial that Zentek believes will be a key building block for a sustainable future. Carbon may offer solutions to the world’s carbon problem.

Mitch connected me with Zentek’s CEO Greg Fenton. Thousands of businesses are finding ways to link their activities to the energy transition. At SL Advisors we believe fossil fuels will be needed for many more decades, and we focus on natural gas because it offers the world’s best opportunity to reduce emissions by replacing coal.

We have no investment or other relationship with Zentek, but thought it would be interesting to share their story. Nothing here should be interpreted as an endorsement by us of Zentek or their products.

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Zentek has two technologies designed to reduce energy consumption. One is a coating for HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) and PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) which improves its filtering of particulate matter. This higher efficiency promises to reduce the need for higher-rated HVAC that require more energy to run in schools and buildings.

Another Zentek technology reduces rust and corrosion on steel used in all kinds of construction, which can make it last longer.

They are presented below in the words of CEO Greg Fenton:

Zentek develops and commercializes Intellectual Property (IP) based on graphene, which makes it possible to develop new, sustainability-oriented solutions for some of the world’s biggest challenges.

Because of graphene’s nanomaterial properties, our proprietary IP innovations are expected to give our commercial partners a competitive advantage by making our clients’ high-volume products better, safer, and greener, at a low incremental cost per unit, which means they will help create real impact in the real world and should be good for the transition and for the more efficient use of energy well beyond that transition. If we reduce the amount of energy required to accomplish the same outcome/task, that is as good in our book as using energy generated or stored in a different way, and if we can improve the efficiency of those, as well, better yet.

ZenGUARD™ is our first success story. It is a patented antimicrobial technology platform from which we have already launched two applications, with more to come. HVAC filtration systems were designed to filter particulate matter, not viruses and bacteria. A new generation of effective filtration is needed, without requiring capital upgrades or greater energy consumption. ZenGUARD™-coated filters meet that need, providing nearly 5x the viral filtration of same-rated uncoated MERV (Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value) 8 filters, according to testing by the National Research Council of Canada and further confirmed by LMS Technologies in the United States.

This should give many buildings, schools, and transportation systems a viable option vs. upgrading to more expensive higher rated filters and, importantly, not only save on capital upgrade costs, but also provide substantial savings vs the increase in energy usage required for higher rated filters, which we estimate can be as high 15%. With no additional capital costs and a significant pricing umbrella vs. a higher rated filter, which can cost more than twice as much as a lower rated filter, ZenGUARD™ provides a simple, elegant solution with a compelling ROI for building and transportation system owners, operators, and tenants, etc.

We recently announced our second patent-pending technology platform, ZenARMOR™, for corrosion protection applications. Testing by Quantum Chemicals, a leader in corrosion protection, showed that ZenARMOR™ significantly improved their best product in a side-by-side comparison. We think it should be useful for preventing rust and corrosion in applications such as bridges/infrastructure, naval/marine, oil and gas pipelines and valves, and rebar and steel in construction, etc. Less corrosion means less demand for metals, which means less energy consumption to extract and transport those metals, which is good for the environment and good for investors.

The possibilities for graphene to have a positive impact on numerous industries are nearly limitless – and we believe Zentek is uniquely positioned to generate long-term growth as these possibilities unfold.

We have three funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund

Energy ETF

Real Assets Fund

Casually following news of the energy transition can create the impression that the world is a few years away from running on solar power and windmills. The reality is that climate extremists have propagated two impractical beliefs that are impeding policies based on pragmatism. One is that solar and wind are the complete solution. The other is that emerging economies are similarly committed to reducing emissions.

Starting with electrification – the NYTimes recently acknowledged the growing delay in connecting solar and wind projects to the grid. The US has three grids — Eastern, Western and ERCOT which is approximately Texas, along with 66 balancing authorities. New sources of power supply have to negotiate access to this system, which often requires adding power infrastructure.

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PJM Interconnection, a regional grid running from Illinois to New Jersey, has frozen new applications to add power until 2026 while they process the backlog. Developers often have to pay for grid upgrades. A wind farm in North Dakota was asked to pay millions of dollars to upgrade transmission lines hundreds of miles away in Nebraska and Missouri.

Across the US approvals now take on average four years. It’s estimated that less than a fifth of new solar and wind projects get connected. Climate extremists have become adept at using court challenges to vacate environmental permits issued to pipeline projects. But the same approach can also delay infrastructure to support renewables, because NIMBYs are not a coordinated political force. Permitting reform is sorely needed.

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The Energy Information Administration reports that renewables were almost two thirds of investment in new power output in 2021, with natural gas 22%. There were no new coal plants. Natural gas often enables renewables by compensating for their intermittency.

Owners of Electric Vehicles (EVs) often struggle with charging. In my experience everyone loves their Tesla, but I recently took an Uber ride in Pennsylvania where the driver reported a daily one hour wait to recharge her (Uber-owned) EV. She wasn’t willing to spend the $6K required to install an EV charging outlet in her home. Most EV owners I know have a second car for long trips.

EVs will continue to gain market share, and the US is a relative laggard. Cheap gasoline, a preference for big cars and high annual mileage have slowed EV penetration outside California. Like many people, I’m going to wait until improved charging speed and availability makes buying an EV an upgrade to quality of life.

It’s also easy to think that our efforts on climate change here in America are critical to solving the global challenge of reducing CO2 emissions. We have had a lot of success over almost two decades. US CO2 energy-related emissions peaked in 2007 at 6 Billion Metric Tonnes (Gigatonnes, or GTns), and are now 18% lower. This has come about in part because coal dropped from 48% to 22% of power generation. Natural gas rose from 22% to 38%, compared with zero-carbon (which includes reliable nuclear and hydro as well as intermittent solar and wind) which rose from 28% to 39%.

This is why a sensible strategy to reduce emissions would eliminate what remaining coal we use and replace it with natural gas and nuclear. Climate extremists are purists if not practical.

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Emerging countries are defining the world’s CO2 emissions, and they continue to invest in coal burning power plants. At the COP21 in Glasgow India promised to “phase down” coal, which practically speaking means its use will grow more slowly than other sources of energy. Old coal mines are being reopened, and coal executives expect their output to be required for at least another quarter century. Its fastest growing coal mine is scheduled to triple in size.

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China’s coal use dwarfs the rest of the world. The Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) calculates that 85% of the planet’s planned new coal projects are in China.  Living standards can’t improve without increased energy use, but China’s policies render other countries’ efforts irrelevant. Or our efforts allow China to do less, depending on your perspective.

No review of climate policies would be complete without reference to that obnoxious little girl Greta Thunberg, who once preached to the rest of us from the UN (“How dare you”). Betraying her discombobulated understanding of the world’s energy needs, she recently accused Norway of “green colonialism” because of plans to build an onshore wind farm in the middle of an area where reindeer graze.

Natural gas remains the world’s best hope for serious emissions reduction, as it has been in the US in spite of sometimes incoherent opposition from climate extremists.

We have three funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund

Energy ETF

Real Assets Fund

The “energy” in midstream energy infrastructure is often the primary consideration of potential investors. It probably began with the increased investment during the shale revolution, and the energy transition generated questions about energy mix and stranded assets. But nowadays capital discipline beats growth capex while without energy security there is no transition.

It’s time to emphasize the “infrastructure” in midstream energy infrastructure.

Longtime MLP investors recall the “toll-model” by which pipeline businesses were described. During times of extreme turmoil such as the Covid collapse of March 2020, the implied promise of stability was conspicuously absent to say the least. But the price recovery since then has been accompanied by improved risk metrics that are making the comparison with other long-lived infrastructure more relevant.

Cheniere provided an example of longevity on Thursday when they announced plans to sharply increase capacity at their Sabine Pass LNG plant. This expansion will increase export capacity by 74% and is planned to be in service by the end of the decade.

On the company’s 4Q22 earnings call, CEO Jack Fusco added, “Over the next few decades, both the supply and demand side are supportive of new liquefaction infrastructure.” (emphasis added).

This sounds more like the outlook of a company that owns and runs hard assets with visible long-term cashflows.

What’s true for LNG exports must also be true for the pipelines and related infrastructure that moves the natural gas from America’s interior to its coast. Enbridge, Energy Transfer, Enterprise Products, Kinder Morgan, Williams Companies and others are also in the long-lived infrastructure business with cash flow stability, earnings visibility and multi-year contracts.

Balance sheet risk has been declining (see Pipelines Grow Into Lower Risk). Debt:EBITDA below 4.0X is the norm for investment grade companies. 3.5X is common, and Enterprise Products finished the year at 2.9X, below their recently revised 3.0X target.

Capital is being returned to shareholders in the form of dividend growth and buybacks, further cementing the lower capex trajectory.

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A reduced risk profile means less commodity sensitivity (see Energy’s Asynchronous Marriage). Last year crude oil rallied following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine but was weak in the second half of the year, finishing roughly where it started. Unburdened by much correlation with oil, the American Energy Independence Index was up 21.3%.

Natural gas prices are near record lows, but infrastructure stocks are immune to that too. This uncoupling from the products they move is allowing investors to consider the sector’s long-lived assets and contracts.

Compared with other infrastructure sectors such as real estate or utilities, energy is attractively priced. Free cash flow yields are half as much again as REITs and 5X utilities. The 5.4% dividend yield is amply covered by cash flow and the P/E ratio also lower than other sectors. Compared to the S&P500, energy infrastructure metrics are substantially better.

The recent upside surprise on inflation and economic growth also adds to the appeal of energy infrastructure where inflation escalators are a common feature of pipeline contracts (see Confronting Asymmetric Risks). Expectations for Fed policy have undergone a rapid change since the employment report.

Cheniere and others recognize that cheap US natural gas will be in demand for years, both as a cleaner substitute for coal and to compensate for the intermittency of renewables. Thanks to the Inflation Reduction Act, energy infrastructure will play a vital role in carbon capture and in the development of hydrogen.

For example, Exxon Mobil announced plans to build the world’s biggest “blue” hydrogen facility near Houston. It will extract hydrogen from natural gas, capture the emitted CO2 for sequestration, and convert the resulting hydrogen into ammonia for easier transport in chemical tankers. The new plant is expected to be operational by 2027.

Rather than confronting existential challenges from the energy transition, the sector’s biggest companies are embracing opportunities. Solar and wind garner disproportionate attention. The reliable manufacture of steel, cement, fertilizer and plastic, what author Vaclav Smil calls “the four pillars of civilization”, will continue to rely on fossil fuels. It’s becoming clear that reliable, clean energy needs existing infrastructure companies.

Buyers and sellers of LNG are signing long-term contracts. China Gas Holdings just signed two 20-year agreements with Venture Global.

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European LNG purchases are set to increase sharply. Germany was the large country most exposed to the loss of Russian pipeline imports last year. Their government now expects to reach 70 million tonnes per year of LNG import capacity by 2030, putting them fourth in the world behind South Korea, China and Japan. Germany has been slower in making long term commitments than Asian buyers, but they’re adding significant capability.

On Thursday BASF provided a reminder of the costs Germany’s past misguided energy policies have imposed by cutting 2,600 jobs due to, “high costs in Europe, uncertainty due to the war in Ukraine and rising interest rates.”

American Energy Infrastructure is well placed to profit.

We have three funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund

Energy ETF

Real Assets Fund

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For anyone in finance, the US budget deficit has always been a looming disaster but rarely a current problem. It hasn’t been a political issue since Clinton ran for office and Jim Carville quipped that the bond market intimidated everybody. For a few brief years we had a budget surplus (1998-2001), but fiscal prudence long ago lost its appeal with voters because the current costs of profligacy are inadequate to impact elections.

But tomorrow is approaching, and according to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) sooner than we thought a year ago.

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Last week the CBO updated their 10-year budget projections, with disappointing revisions compared with the prior release last May. Our Debt:GDP is at levels last seen towards the end of World War II. Back then following the end of hostilities spending fell, and artificially depressed government bond yields helped lower the country’s debt burden.

This time around, ballooning Medicare and social security spending will take us into uncharted territory.

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Rising debt has increased our interest rate sensitivity. The CBO’s outlook for inflation and bond yields hasn’t shifted apart from reflecting today’s higher inflation. Compared with last year’s forecast, inflation is expected to return to the Fed’s 2% target a year later.

The impact on our finances has been dramatic. Debt will now exceed GDP next year, four years earlier than before. Interest expense over the next decade will be $159BN higher annually, bringing forward by approximately two years milestones such as $500BN, $1TN or $1.25TN in annual debt servicing cost.

The White House is unlikely to dwell on this, but the change in circumstances between the two CBO publications might represent the most rapid deterioration in America’s finances in history. The bigger the problem gets the harder it is to solve.

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It would be worse without Quantitative Easing (QE). The Fed still holds $5.4TN in government bonds and another $2.6TN in MBS. Without return-insensitive buyers such as central banks (see More Than A Fiscal Agent) and others with inflexible investment mandates financing our debt would be even more costly.

The Fed follows its dual mandate by focusing on whichever of the two variables (employment or inflation) is farthest from its desired level. In the summer of 2019 at Jackson Hole, they concluded that we could tolerate a little more inflation over short periods to boost employment (see The Fed’s Balance Sheet Has One Way To Go). The timing was unfortunate, and within a couple of years a modest overshoot demanded their attention.

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The Fed’s Congressional mandate doesn’t include concern about the fiscal impact of their actions, but they are becoming more impactful. QE has emasculated debt hawks by hiding the apparent cost of fiscal excess. QE’s slothful removal has impeded the Fed’s efforts to slow the economy, as seen in recent strong data such as employment and retail sales.

The current tightening cycle hasn’t been enough to raise unemployment, but it’s had a meaningful impact on our debt outlook. The Fed’s interpretation of its dual mandate now has a fiscal dimension.

The logical response is to tolerate higher inflation. There’s nothing magic about 2% – stability is more important than its level (see El-Erian, Rogoff Say It’s Too Late to Fix Too-Low Inflation Target). The numbers suggest that tolerance of 3% inflation leaves us better able to service our debt than 2%. There are few tangible benefits from the current effort to stick to the old inflation target.

Last year interest expense alone was 1.90% of GDP. Within a decade it is expected to reach 3.52%, up from a 3.254% projection in May.

The Fed’s Summary of Economic Projections has the Fed Funds rate ending this year at 5.1% and next year at 4.1%. The CBO expects Fed Funds to average 3.6% in 2024 (last year they were projecting 2.6% for 2024). If the Fed is right, the CBO’s 2024 interest rate forecast will be around 1% too low, which will result in further adverse updates to our fiscal outlook.

The CBO aligns with where interest rate futures were when they prepared their budget outlook. Since then, strong data has caused the market to shift towards the Fed’s projections.

Fed chair Powell has been clear that bringing inflation back to 2% is in everyone’s interests. While this is consistent with their Congressional mandate, it’s no longer the most desirable public policy. Our vast debt, poor fiscal outlook and heightened interest rate sensitivity make increased inflation tolerance preferable.

For now, investors should take the Fed at its word that they’ll do what it takes. But the impact on our finances of returning inflation to its 2% target is eventually going to make this a consideration. It means defining price stability as 2% inflation is becoming more costly. Maintaining the purchasing power of your assets means assuming inflation settles in higher than this target.

We have three funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund

Energy ETF

Real Assets Fund

A couple of weeks ago stocks and bonds looked vulnerable to strong data (see Confronting Asymmetric Risks). Since then the narrative of impending recession has been punctured by employment, retail sales and inflation figures that all surprised to the upside. Valuations based on the Equity Risk Premium (ERP) were only moderate. Since then, stocks are slightly lower and ten year yields sharply higher.

The result is that the ERP shows stocks are the least attractively priced in over a decade. Earnings growth could offset this, except that analysts continue to revise them down. Bottom-up S&P500 2023 EPS of $224 is 10% lower than last summer and still trending down. It’s possible the strong jobs and spending figures will translate into upward revisions to earnings forecasts, but unlikely to be enough to change the overall picture.

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Fed funds futures have also repriced sharply. The brief euphoria when Fed chair Jay Powell mentioned “disinflation” has been replaced by a growing acceptance that the FOMC’s predicted 4% YE 2024 Fed Funds rate might even be too low.

The ten-year treasury yield has risen around 0.30% since the end of January, but the correction in Fed Funds futures has been more severe. The likely path of monetary policy over the next couple of years has adjusted 0.50-0.60% higher in less than three weeks. In the past, large discrepancies between futures and the FOMC’s Summary of Economic Projections have been resolved in a way that confirms the Fed’s poor forecasting record (see Don’t Bet On A Return To 2% Inflation). For once the market has been forced to adjust.

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Interestingly, some are beginning to make the case for dropping the 2% inflation target. Mohamed El-Erian argues that, “You need a higher stable inflation rate. Call it 3 to 4%.” Such views are in the minority and there’s no chance the Fed will alter their 2% target. So the risk for short term rates is that they go higher than currently priced in. However, a moderately higher inflation target is better for the US, if not the lost credibility the Fed would endure in getting there. How this plays out will impact investment returns for years. For now, inflation expectations remain well anchored in spite of the recent strong data.

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Pipeline earnings continue to come in close to or better than expectations. Energy Transfer (ET) reported 4Q22 EBITDA 4% ahead of analysts’ expectations. On their ensuing earnings call they warned of a delay to their Lake Charles LNG project. Co-CEO Tom Long said that, “The LNG market along the Gulf Coast is currently extremely competitive.” There are several competing projects looking to sign up sufficient buyers to justify Final Investment Decision (FID) so they can start construction. Ultimately there’s little doubt that the US will grow its exports of natural gas, but long-term contracts of twenty years make a good marriage of buyer and seller critical.

An interesting response came when the Barclays analyst asked,”…if you could share your latest thoughts on a potential C-Corp currency.”

In 2014 Kinder Morgan acquired its MLP Kinder Morgan Partners (KMP), leading to a tax bill and reduced dividends for KMP investors. Other simplifications followed, and the MLP sector has never recovered its reputation. Energy Transfer gave up the GP/LP structure, but limited partnerships continue to provide weaker governance. It’s why MLPs are excluded from ESG indices – they score poorly on “G”.

It’s generally thought that the MLP conversions to c-corps have been done. Energy Transfer, Enterprise Products and Magellan Midstream have shown little inclination to adopt a corporate tax burden in exchange for a higher stock price. If you don’t intend to sell your MLP holding, the conversion makes little sense because future earnings and therefore distributions would be lowered by the 21% US corporate tax rate.

However, a business contemplating acquisitions using its equity securities as a currency might conclude the higher price granted a c-corp to be worthwhile. Hence Tom Long’s response was intriguing: “We do have a team that’s working on that. I guess the way I would tell you is that we are spending quite a bit of time in evaluating that. And we feel pretty good about probably 2023.”

This suggests a c-corp conversion is more likely than not and would reflect management’s desire to boost the stock price. ET’s stock price didn’t seem to react to a potential development that might be worth 5-10% to its price, and there were no follow-up questions. Alternatively, perhaps investors are wary of a conversion whose purpose must be to issue more equity so as to buy up assets. The ET management ethos can be characterized as prioritizing increased executive wealth over that of unitholders.

We have three funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund

Energy ETF

Real Assets Fund

Earnings continue to meet or modestly beat expectations. 4Q22 EBITDA at Enbridge of $3,911MM beat expectations by $16MM, or around 0.4%. The small margins between actual and expected at many companies highlight the visibility of their earnings.

Along with TC Energy, both companies have a long history of dividend growth — 28 years at Enbridge and 23 years at TC Energy. However, the two big Canadians represent a disproportionate share of the sector’s growth capex.  Costs for TC Energy’s Coastal GasLink project continue to spiral upwards, now C$14.5BN and more than double its initial forecast. The project’s value has been written down by C$3BN, and a further writedown is expected as additional funding is provided.

Although both Canadian firms are generally well regarded, we have maintained them at below-weight positions in our portfolios because of their extensive capex programs. We estimate that their 2021-23 capex is 38% of the sector’s, ahead of their 31% share of market cap. Enbridge expects EBITDA growth this year of 2.5-6.5%, and TC Energy 5-7%.

The problems with Coastal GasLink highlight the difficulty big construction projects face in North America. Labor is tight and environmental extremists are adept at using legal challenges to impose costly delays. Kinder Morgan executives must thank their good fortune at unloading the Trans Mountain Pipeline (TMX) project to the Canadian Federal government in 2018. After delays and cost overruns it’s now scheduled to be in service next year, costing C$21.4BN versus the C$12BN estimated when Canada bought it.

Our northern neighbor has long struggled to get its oil to market. TMX became embroiled in provincial politics, with liberal British Columbia unsympathetic to land-locked Alberta’s need to move its produced crude oil to the Pacific coast. The ill-fated Keystone XL was another failed effort to solve that problem by sending crude south.

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Canadian natural gas also travels great distances to reach its market, a problem TC Energy’s Coastal GasLink is trying to solve. Tourmaline sends its gas 3,000 miles via pipeline from British Columbia to Cheniere’s LNG export facility at Corpus Christi, TX where it’s loaded onto LNG tankers. From there it supplies buyers in Europe and Asia at prices 10X the Canadian spot market.

Coal to natural gas switching remains a powerful means of reducing CO2 emissions. Unfortunately, Pakistan just announced plans to quadruple coal-generated electricity and use less LNG because of high prices. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine turned Europe into a significant buyer of LNG, which has made it harder for poorer countries to use it. Pakistan is facing a balance of payments crisis and a debt default looms.

This illustrates that energy security and affordability are more important to developing nations than the energy transition. Some officials in India believe they’re more vulnerable to extreme weather events because of a warmer climate, such as the floods that destroyed neighboring Pakistan’s cotton crop last year. More likely is that these and other countries will raise living standards first and worry about emissions later, when they’re better able to absorb the higher costs of mitigation and low-carbon power. Obviously solar and wind aren’t cheaper, or Pakistan would be emphasizing them instead of coal.

In Germany a project to blend natural gas with green hydrogen in a 70/30 split has been running successfully since the fall.  Green hydrogen relies on solar or wind power to run the electrolysis that separates it from water. Utah’s Intermountain Power Project plans to supply southern California with a similar blend by 2025.

Plugging intermittent solar and wind into electrical grids creates instability, requiring battery back-up or natural gas peaker plants. Because it’s not always sunny and windy, 25-35% capacity utilization is the norm. Personally, I have no interest in weather-dependent power. But converting it into hydrogen nullifies the intermittency problem because electrolysis can run when weather permits without any disruption to customers.

Some regions still cling to the belief that everything can run on solar and wind. Eugene, OR, recently added itself to the list of unappealing places to live by banning gas hookups on new construction.

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Remote work is expected to curb oil consumption by reducing commuting. Three years on from the outbreak of Covid, hybrid work is common with Fridays an especially popular day to work from home. 25 years traveling from NJ to New York City daily soon lost its appeal for me.

Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan, along with New York’s city government, all require their workers to be full-time in the office. The reality is different – JPMorgan is barely at 50% occupancy even in 383 Madison Avenue, the building they acquired when bailing out Bear Stearns in 2008 that is their de facto HQ while 270 Park Avenue is being rebuilt. JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon famously said, “people don’t like commuting, but so what.”

Americans are spreading out in this vast country, improving quality of life and perhaps even reducing emissions somewhat. Hybrid work is challenged to create a corporate culture and support creative teamwork, but it looks like a permanent change.

We have three funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund

Energy ETF

Real Assets Fund

The BP Statistical Review of World Energy used to be a fact-based compilation of useful data. Skimming through the 2016 version, it recounts what happened and comments on likely trends. In recent years it has unfortunately degenerated into a political document. The historic data remains useful, but its implausible forecasts are there to defend itself against woke climate cops accusing it of burning up the planet.

BP can point to its Net Zero and Accelerated scenarios which show global CO2 emissions immediately declining from 40 Gigatonnes (GT) to reach 9 and 4 GTs respectively by 2050. This shows they’re on board with global energy consumption dropping by a third or a fifth, at odds with over a hundred years of history. The emerging world’s insatiable desire to raise living standards and energy use will somehow be ameliorated by a dramatic increase in efficiency improvements. Nobody who has studied the issue takes this seriously.

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If you accept that solar and wind are better for the environment, they are certainly not more efficient. They are much less energy dense which means they require more land. Long distance transmission lines move power from lightly populated areas where it’s produced to cities where it’s needed.  Batteries or natural gas power plants provide back up for weather-induced intermittency. More renewables means higher energy costs, possibly a price worth paying, and a choice made most clearly in western Europe.

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BP can wave this document at the climate extremists who reject everything but solar and wind, to show that they are directionally aligned if not yet in the same place. Net Zero and Accelerated are climate sound bites.

But the executive summary then adds, “These scenarios are not predictions of what is likely to happen or what BP would like to happen.”

BP neither wants nor expects Net Zero or Accelerated? So why include them? It’s how big energy companies deflect their left-wing critics while delivering the energy the world needs in the form it wants, at considerable profit last year. What BP puts in its energy outlook doesn’t reflect its assumptions when investing capital, allowing them to act differently than they speak.

New Momentum, the third and only realistic scenario BP offers, is based on current trends and plausible policies. It’s the only one worth considering.

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We think the world will reduce greenhouse gas emissions with cleaner energy (coal to gas switching), increased use of other forms of reliable energy (nuclear; hydrogen), carbon capture and new technologies such as additives for cattle feed (see How Seaweed Can Fight Global Warming).

Solar and wind will assuredly grow but don’t offer the reliable long term cash flows available in infrastructure. The reality of investment results caused BP to slow its planned reduction in fossil fuel production from 40% to 25% by 2030 amid disappointing returns on renewables. Shell plans to keep renewables at about 14% of capex, flat with last year.

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Duke Energy is taking a $1.3BN impairment loss on the sale of its renewables business. Dominion Energy recorded a $1.5BN impairment on its unregulated solar business. Exxon has slashed funding for Viridos Inc, a company in La Jolla, CA that makes environmentally friendly fuels from algae. This initiative was once among Exxon’s highest profile in its Low Carbon Solutions unit. They now see better opportunities in carbon capture and hydrogen.

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The outlook for practical climate change solutions is improving. Growth in natural gas trade will temper coal consumption and offers the world’s best chance to reduce emissions if emerging countries follow what the US has done. The Inflation Reduction Act increased the tax credits for carbon capture. This is causing much greater take-up than the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) forecast, so Credit Suisse believes the $3BN ten year cost the CBO originally forecast is likely to be over $50BN (see US Oil And Gas Production Growing).

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Enbridge has 10-15 hydrogen projects underway in Ontario and Quebec. They’re developing a hydrogen and ammonia production/export facility near Corpus Christi, TX. Converting renewable energy into clean-burning liquids that can be transported via pipeline or ship to power plants seems more viable than a grid that’s overly dependent on sunny and windy weather. It pushes the intermittency problem back to a production facility, doesn’t rely on batteries or require extensive new transmission lines.

Midstream is transitioning beyond fossil fuel infrastructure to play a critical role in reducing emissions. The fear of stranded assets is receding in favor of repurposed assets that gain a longer useful life and a higher net present value.

We have three funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund

Energy ETF

Real Assets Fund

Enterprise Products Partners’ (EPD) earnings release last week revealed that leverage (Debt:EBITDA) fell to 2.9X at the end of last year. They are now targeting 3.0X, down from 3.5X previously. This is among the lowest in the industry, and reflects a continuing trend to strengthen balance sheets, de-risking the businesses. Years ago, Kinder Morgan argued to rating agencies and investors that their diverse asset footprint justified a 5.5X debt multiple. Poor capital allocation (see Will Kinder Morgan Cover Its Cost Of Capital?) led to distribution cuts and KMI has since fallen in line.

Also cheering for investors is that higher EBITDA has been the main driver of the lower risk profile. Growth is creating stronger balance sheets.

JPMorgan estimates that average leverage at big US pipeline corporations and MLPs this year will average 3.5X. Canadians Enbridge (ENB) and TC Energy (TRP) push this figure higher. ENB’s business includes gas distribution with regulated rates and is generally perceived as less risky.

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The International Energy Agency recently forecast continued demand growth for global supplies of LNG.

News from the energy patch has been uniformly good in recent weeks, led by strong earnings but supplemented by greater realism about energy security and its impact on the energy transition. Emerging economies, especially in Asia, are growing and how they provide increasing energy to their upwardly mobile populations will determine the path for CO2 emissions.

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The US shift from coal to cleaner-burning natural gas for power generation is a great success story in reducing global Green House Gases (GHGs). India is providing encouraging signs of emulating this, with its biggest LNG importer looking to add an additional 12 million Metric Tonnes per year under long term contracts.

Asia-ex Japan burns vast quantities of coal for power generation. The Asia Pacific region consumes an astonishing 80% of the world’s coal output. China is in a league of its own, burning more than the rest of the world combined. India is a distant second at 12% of global demand. PM Narendra Modri  recently said he wants natural gas to provide 15% of India’s power by 2030, up from 6% today.

Poorer countries following the US lead in relying more heavily on natural gas to produce electricity offer our best chance of curbing emissions. It won’t be done with only solar and wind.

South Korea is recognizing the shortcoming of intermittent, weather dependent energy. They’re now planning for nuclear to meet a third of their power needs by 2030, up from 24% in their prior forecast. Renewables have been downgraded from 30% to under 22%. In countries with growing energy needs, reliability is a priority.

Exxon and Chevron both reported record profits recently. BP just followed suit, and now plans to increase its spending on oil and gas production although they’re still targeting a production cut of 25% by 2030 (previously 40%). This follows earlier reports that investments in renewables are delivering disappointing returns, leading to less emphasis on ESG goals. BP’s capex decisions are now guided by a long-term price target for Brent crude of $70 per barrel, up from $60 previously.

Siemens Energy is an example of the low returns in windpower, having recently announced a 4Q22 loss of €598MM due to quality issues on installed wind turbines. Siemens is planning to raise €1.5BN in additional equity to shore up its balance sheet.

ESG-driven capital allocation doesn’t assure profits.

Asian urgency around securing long term commitments of LNG supplies contrasts with Europe. Buyers are fearful that signing 20-year deals typically required by suppliers to ensure an adequate return on infrastructure investments will conflict with government regulations on hydrocarbon use. The EU is the region most willing to impose higher costs and inconvenience on their population in pursuit of reduced emissions.

Carbon capture is also growing in Europe. Denmark just approved a project that will by 2030 inject up to 8 million metric tonnes a year of CO2 into depleted oil and gas formations under the North Sea. Returning carbon in the form of CO2 underground into the formations it left as hydrocarbons has a certain logic to it. We noted a similar virtuous loop in Enlink’s plan to transport CO2 in south Texas from a petrochemical plant for eventual storage in the Eagle Ford (see Putting Carbon Back In The Ground).

Energy companies are showing they’re critical to providing secure energy with reduced emissions. It seemed improbable just three years ago, but the sector is having a good energy transition.

We have three funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund

Energy ETF

Real Assets Fund

Wednesday’s soothing words on inflation from Fed chair Jay Powell seemed a distant memory after Friday’s blockbuster employment report. The market liked hearing that , “…the disinflationary process has started.” More relevant now is his warning that, “The historical record cautions strongly against prematurely loosening policy.” Investors are Confronting Asymmetric Risks, as we noted on Wednesday.

Lost among the inflation questions was Powell’s reminder that the Federal Reserve is Treasury’s “fiscal agent.” This was in response to a question about the debt ceiling and whether the Fed had done its own “analysis of any legal constraints” that might impede or affect its actions during the fiscal brinkmanship that would accompany a stand-off over raising the debt ceiling.

A refusal by Congress to authorize more borrowing is a crisis of its own making, a rare but significant error in the US constitution. Whenever Congress approves spending it’s axiomatic that includes the intent and ability to pay for it, through taxes, borrowing or asset sales. The debt limit should be raised by whatever’s necessary to fund spending that’s been approved. The refusal by Congress to treat the two issues as one may one day lead us all off a fiscal cliff led by miscalculating innumerate Tea Party Republicans.

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The Fed is much more than Treasury’s fiscal agent. They are the biggest holder of US government debt ($5.4TN), a position they’re unlikely to exit in the foreseeable future. In total, central banks own $8.3TN is US debt, almost 40% of the total. When long term bond yields stubbornly fail to rise to levels that might induce purchases from a return-oriented investor, it’s because the biggest holders have non-commercial objectives. Foreign central bank holdings have been stable in absolute terms but falling as a percentage of debt outstanding because, well, there’s a lot more debt.

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Warnings of US fiscal catastrophe have been around for at least as long as my 43-year career. A perpetual trade deficit creates lots of dollars needing a home, and a fiscal deficit creates lots of debt seeking buyers. It is to the benefit of US taxpayers that this benign symmetry has resulted in persistent demand for treasuries. We should hope it continues.

Low or negative real yields are the savior of profligate governments. Elevated inflation has temporarily slashed the real cost of financing our debt. Fed policy has been to ensure such a benefit is fleeting. 2% inflation is not the optimal policy for our fiscal outlook, and positive real rates won’t help. The only time in living memory when there was political consensus to improve our fiscal balance was in the early 1990s when ten year notes yielded as high as 8%. Since then, the tangible costs of profligacy have receded, along with any political gain to be had from tackling it.

The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) publishes extensive information on our fiscal future complete with charts and figures that leave little room for optimism. A couple of years ago we noted the surprisingly low cost of financing in their projections (see Inflation – Back By Popular Demand).

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In subsequent revisions, the real cost of financing has moved up by almost 1% over the next decade. The CBO’s long term inflation outlook is unchanged, but by last July tighter monetary policy had raised the cost of new debt issuance above what the CBO was forecasting in 2021. It’s likely that the next long term budget outlook from the CBO will project even higher real rates.

The Federal Reserve has considerable influence on fiscal policy because of Quantitative Easing (QE), although Jay Powell would prefer not to concede this. Because QE keeps bond yields lower than they would otherwise be, it dampens the concern about fiscal profligacy that the market would otherwise communicate. The CBO and numerous private forecasts are out there for all to see, but QE constrains the urgency. It’s doubtful that we would have had a balanced budget in the 1990s (albeit for one year) if QE had been employed then.

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Monetary policy also directly impacts the cost of issuing new debt. The average interest rate paid by the US government has risen quite sharply in the past year. The longer tight policy is required, the worse our fiscal outlook will become. The Fed will continue to pursue their dual mandate, but a graceful exit from QE is probably necessary to generate serious concern about skyrocketing Debt:GDP. Legislating limits on QE would help but is unlikely.

Higher inflation is the only long-term solution to our slowly developing fiscal catastrophe. It’s hard to keep real rates negative when inflation is only 2%. This is why we’re invested in the energy sector.

We have three funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund

Energy ETF

Real Assets Fund

The Fed’s mid-week policy meeting will punctuate a busy earnings week. Sell-side analysts continue to ratchet down earnings forecasts. Factset reports bottom-up 2023 earnings expectations of $226, down over 10% compared with last spring when Fed tightening started to have an impact.

Energy continues to be a bright spot, providing positive surprises in 4Q earnings released so far. Companies continue to return capital to shareholders. Chevron tripled its planned buybacks to $75BN over the next five years, drawing more economically illiterate criticism from the White House for not plowing this money into increased production. Incoherent energy policies and fair-weather friendship aren’t inducing Chevron CEO Mike Wirth and other energy executives to alter their capital allocation.

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The broad equity market isn’t cheap, based on the Equity Risk Premium (ERP). Stocks are vulnerable to higher interest rates. Fed funds futures project a peak in Fed policy this summer with rates coming down later this year. By contrast, the FOMC Summary of Economic Projections (SEP) released on December 14 pushes that scenario back around a year.

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Fed funds futures six to twelve months out differ as much as 1% from the FOMC. Data since the last SEP has been on balance slightly weaker. So a surprising move in futures to more closely align the two would leave the stock market vulnerable, especially given the trend towards weaker earnings forecasts.

Morgan Stanley strategist Michael Wilson is cautious because of the Fed outlook, although Robert Kad, who heads up their MLP and Energy Infrastructure research, is gloriously bullish on his sector.

Midstream energy infrastructure should be resilient to higher rates. Yields of 5-6% are already attractive, but more important is the embedded inflation hedge that is in many pipeline tariffs. Inflation expectations remain low considering recent history. Risk here is also skewed to the upside. Wells Fargo has estimated that half the industry’s EBITDA is linked to inflation protected contracts.

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European demand for LNG imports jumped last year, but over the long-term emerging economies are likely to grow consumption. The Gas Exporting Countries Forum expects natural gas to increase market share from 23% to 26% by 2050 while global energy demand increases at 0.7% pa. Thanks to Stephen Stapczynski of Bloomberg for pointing this out.

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The University of Michigan consumer survey revealed the uncertainty consumers have about the inflation outlook. Although households expect it to return to 2% based upon the average of responses, the range of expectations is the highest it’s been since the 1980s. The difference between the 25^th and 75^th percentiles for 5-10 year inflation is 4%. Over the next year it’s 8%. There’s not high confidence that it’s returning to 2%.

Benign inflation forecasts, which are similar in the bond market, represent asymmetric risk. Inflation isn’t going to trend below 2%. Retirement planning should be based on 3% and scenarios should be run with higher rates to test how well an investment portfolio will meet one’s spending needs. There are several reasons why conventionally reported inflation figures aren’t a good basis on which to plan growth in living expenses (see Why You Can’t Trust Reported Inflation Numbers). The most obvious is the hedonic quality adjustments that are routinely applied to the CPI to reflect improvements in quality. CPI tries to measure a basket of goods and services of constant utility. Quality improvement at the same price is treated as a price cut.

Hedonic quality adjustments are made to a wide range of products such as clothing, electronic goods and housing. The problem this creates for a consumer is that if a jacket, iPhone or rental property provides better quality at the same price, you don’t have any money left over even though your utility has risen. If you plan on replacing your iPhone regularly in retirement, it’s going to cost you more even though the Bureau of Labor Statistics calculates iPhones are cheaper (because they’re better).

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Returning to the ERP – based on the past two decades, the S&P500 is somewhat expensive compared with bonds. Low inflation expectations and optimistic futures create asymmetric upside risk to interest rates, and downside risk to earnings, forecasts for which are trending lower. Both leave stocks vulnerable.

For now, Factset bottom-up earnings for 2023 is for 3% growth over 2022. Flat earnings and ten-year yields back to 4% where they were in November would require a 15% drop in the S&P500 before the ERP was back to its two-decade average. We’re not selling stocks for long-term investors, but the risk asymmetry suggests little need to rush purchases.

We have three funds that seek to profit from this environment:

Energy Mutual Fund

Energy ETF

Real Assets Fund